Användare:TonyaByles5
All business activity has benefits and undesirable effects on society.youtube.com Production of useful goods to satisfy customer wants. Create employment/increases workers living standards.youtube.com Introduction of new products or processes that reduces costs and widen product range. Taxes help finance public services. Business earn foreign currency in exports and this could be spent on imports. Business might ruin cheap but beautiful areas. Low wages and unsafe working conditions for workers because businesses want to lower costs. Production of dangerous goods. Advertising can mislead customers. Governments tend to pass laws that restrict undesirable activities while supporting desirable activities. Inflation occurs when prices rise. Workers wages buy less than before.
Therefore their real income (how much you can buy with so much money) falls. Workers will be unhappy and demand for higher wages. Prices of local goods will rise more than that of other countries with lower inflation. People may start buying foreign goods instead. It would cost more for businesses to start or expand and therefore it does not employ as many people. Some people might be made redundant so that the business can cut costs. Standards of living will fall. This is obviously why governments want to keep inflation as low as possible. When people are unemployed, they want to work but cannot find a job.
Unemployed people do not work. Therefore national output will be lower than it should be. The government will have to pay for unemployment benefits. This is expensive and money cannot be use for other purposes. If the level up unemployment is low, it will increase national output and improve standards of living for workers. A country is said to grow when its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is increasing. This is the total value of goods produced in one year. The standards of living tends to increase with economic growth. The country's output is falling, fewer workers are needed and unemployment occurs. Standards of living will fall.
Businesses will not expand because they have less money to invest. Economic growth is not achieved every year.youtube.com There are years where the GDP falls and the trade cycle explains the pattern of rises and falls in national GDP. Growth: This is when GDP is rising, unemployment is falling, and the country has higher standards of living. Businesses tend to do well in this period. Boom: Caused by overspending. Prices rise rapidly and there is a shortage of skilled workers. Business costs will be rising and they are uncertain about the future. Recession: Because overspending caused the boom, people now spend too little.
GDP will fall and businesses will lose demand and profits. Workers may lose their jobs. Slump: A long drawn out recession. Unemployment will peak and prices will fall.youtube.com Many firms will go out of business. After all of this happens the economy recovers and begins to grow again. Governments want to avoid a boom so that it will not lead to a recession and a slump. Currently, the government of China is spending a lot of money so that their economy would continue to grow and avoid a boom. Exports earn foreign currency, while imports are paid for by foreign currency (or vice versa).
The difference between the value of exports and imports of a country is called balance of payments. Governments try to achieve a balance in imports and exports to avoid a trade deficit, when imports are higher than exports. Of course, the government will lose money and their reservoir of foreign currency will fall. If the country wants to import more, they will have to borrow foreign currency to buy goods. The country's currency will now worth less compared to others and can buy less goods. This is called exchange rate depreciation. Governments want to influence the national economy so that it would achieve their aforementioned objectives. They have a lot of power over business activity and can pass laws to try to achieve their goals. The main ways in which governments can influence business activity are called economic policies. Fiscal Policy: taxes and public spending.
Monetary policy: controlling the amount of money in the economy through interest rates. Supply side policies: aimed at increasing efficiency. Governments raise money from taxes. There are Direct taxes on income and Indirect taxes on spending. Income tax is based on a percentage of your income. Income tax is usually progressive, meaning that the percentage of tax you have to pay rises with your income. People will have less disposable income. Sales fall because people have less money to spend. Managers will cut costs for more profit. Workers might be made redundant. Businesses producing luxury goods will lose the most, while others producing everyday needs will get less affected. This is a percentage of the profit a business makes.
Managers will have less retained profit, making it harder for the business to expand. Owners will get less return on capital employed. Potential owners will be reluctant to start their own business if the profit margin is too low.youtube.com These taxes are a percentage on the price of goods, making them more expensive. Governments want to avoid putting them on essential goods such as foods. The effect would be almost the same as that of an increase in income tax. People would buy less but they would still spend money on essential goods. Again, real incomes fall. Costs will rise when workers demand higher wages.
Governments put tariffs on imports to make local goods look more competitive and also to reduce imports. Sales of local goods become cheaper than imports, leading to increased sales. Businesses who import raw materials will suffer higher costs. Other countries will retaliate by putting tariffs on the country's exports, making it less competitive. Quotas maybe used to limit the amount of imports coming in. Governments usually have to power to change interest rates through the central bank. Interest rates affect people who borrow from the bank. Businesses who owe to bank will have to pay more, resulting in less retained profit.
People are more reluctant to start new businesses or expand. Consumers who took out loans such as mortgages will now have less disposable income. They will spend less on other goods. Demand will fall for businesses who produces luxury or expensive goods such as cars because people are less willing to borrow. Higher interest rates will encourage other countries to deposit money into local banks and earn higher profits. They will change their money into the local currency, increasing its demand and causing exchange rate appreciation. These policies aim to make the countries economy more efficient so that they can produce more goods and compete in the international economy. In doing so their GDP will rise.
Privatisation: Its aim is to use profit as an incentive to increase efficiency. Improve training and education: This obviously increases efficiency. This is crucial to countries with a big computer software industry. Increase competition: Competition causes companies to be more efficient to survive. Governments need to remove any monopolies. Business might ruin cheap but beautiful areas. Advertising can mislead customers. Weapons like guns and explosives. Consumers are easily misled by advertising. It is because consumers lack the technical knowledge and advertising can be very persuasive. Weights and Measures Act: to stop underweight goods being sold to customers. Trade Descriptions Act: all advertisements must be truthful.
Consumer Credit Act: makes it illegal to not give customers their copy of the credit agreement to check how much money they really have. Goods which have serious flaws or problems. Products that are not fit for the purpose intended by the consumer. Products that do not function as described on their label or by the retailer. Consumer Protection Act: Make false pricing claims illegal. Consumers can now sue producers or retailers if their products cause harm to them. They exploit consumers with high prices. They prevent new firms from starting up. Monopolies are not encouraged to be efficient because there are no competitors. In some countries, monopolies are banned and must be broken up into smaller firms.
In the UK, monopolies can be investigated by the Competition Commission. Business decisions that are against consumer interests, such as trying to eliminate all competitors. Proposed mergers or takeovers that will result in a monopoly. Often workers are discriminated in a job because of various reasons. Sex Discrimination Act: people of different genders must have equal opportunities. Race Relations Act: people of all races and religions mush have equal opportunities. Disability Discrimination Act: it must be made suitable for disabled people to work in businesses. Equal Opportunities Policy: That is what everything is all about. The UK is currently working on an age discrimination act.
Managers not only provide safety for their employees only because laws say so. Some believe that keeping employees safe and happy improves their motivation and keeps them in the business. Others do it because it is present in their moral code. They are then considered making an ethical decision. However, in many countries, workers are still exploited by employers. Employees need protection from being dismissed unfairly. Workers who thing they have been dismissed unfairly can take their case to the Industrial Tribunal to be judged and he/she might receive compensation if the case is in his/her favour. Nature of the job.
The wage rate to be paid. How frequently wages will be paid. What deduction will be made from wages, e.g. income tax. A minimum wage rate is present in many Western countries and the USA. Prevents strong employees to exploit unskilled workers who could not easily find work. Encourages employers to train unskilled employees to increase efficiency. Encourages more people to seek work. Low-paid workers can now spend more. Increases costs, increases prices. Owners who cannot afford these wages might make employees redundant instead. Higher paid workers want higher wages to keep on the same level difference as the lower paid workers.
They encourage businesses to move to areas with a high level of unemployment, or called development areas. They discourage firms from locating in overcrowded cites or sites noted for their natural beauty. Businesses will be refused planning permission (permit to build in a place) if they wish to locate in overcrowded cities or beautiful areas. Building in these areas might be banned altogether. Governments can provide regional assistance, such as grants and subsidies to encourage firms to locate in undeveloped areas. Governments want development to be spread evenly over the whole country. Grants and subsidies can be used to attract firms to an area. They provide most of the employment because they are usually labour intensive.
Small firms operate in rural areas where unemployment tends to be high. They can grow into very important businesses employing thousands of workers and producing output worth millions of dollars. Provides more choice for customers. They compete against bigger companies. They are often managed in a very flexible way, and is quicker to adapt to changing demands. Lower rates of profits tax, so they can have more retained profit. Giving grants and cheap loans. Providing advice and information centres to small firms. Exports earn foreign currency, which can be use to buy imports. More exports means more people needed to produce them, increasing employment and standards of living. Successful exporters earn more money and have to pay more profits tax.
Encourage banks to lend to exporting businesses at lower interest rates. Offering subsidies or lower taxes to firms. However, other countries would retaliate and there would be no overall advantage. Trying to keep the local currency as stable as possible to make it easier for businesses to know how much they are going to make from exports. Organising trade fairs abroad to encourage foreign businesses to buy the country's exports. Offering credit facilities. This means that if a foreign customers refuses to pay for goods, the company could be compensated by the government. Businesses could not ignore the power of the government in controlling business activity. Multinationals are an exception although normally businesses cannot afford to move to other countries. Government decisions create the environment in which businesses will have to operate and adapt to. The environment created by legal and economic controls are one of the constraints to managers when making decisions. What a long chapter! I know there are a lot of redundant stuff but they are necessary for the text. Chapter 5 will be coming out next week!
34. I bind every spirit of fake and useless investments, in Jesus’ name. 35. I command every effect of strange money on my handiwork, ministry, and business to be neutralized, in the name of Jesus. 36. Father Lord, let all satanic hosts against my prosperity receive blindness and commotion, in the name of Jesus. 37. All hindrances to my prosperity, be electrocuted, in Jesus’ name. 38. Let all my mistakes be converted to miracles and testimonies, in the name of Jesus. 39. I command all those who vow to hinder my prosperity to somersault, become naked and confess to death, in Jesus’ name. 40. I command all my buried blessings to be exhumed, in Jesus’ name. 41. Father Lord, use white, brown, and black men to bless me, in the name of Jesus. 42. I command all my miracle money and extreme wealth to locate me now, in the name of Jesus. 43. All my blessings attached to my place of birth, be released now, in the name of Jesus. 44. Father Lord, use all the people in my environment to bless me and let anointing of prosperity fall on me, in the name of Jesus.
You keep mentioning being different. I'm wondering if that's a bigger deal in your mind than it is in other people's minds? The older I get the more I see we draw lines at different places. I think not. While it would be easier to raise a family in an environment where we all have the same dress code and curfew, etc that's just not life. We all have areas where we draw a line more conservative than our peers making us/our children the odd balls.youtube.com But I am also learning sometimes those more conservative lines are not always readily apparent.